--- title: R- Types of synthesis and their criteria enableToc: false creation date: $=dv.current().file.ctime last modified date: $=dv.current().file.mtime author: Kenneth Strike, George Posner year: 1983 reference: tags: - resource status: alias: "@strikeTypesSynthesisTheir1983" --- - #[References] - Title: Types of synthesis and their criteria - Meta: - Tags:: #[References] [D/Synthesis Infrastructure] - Authored by:: [Kenneth Strike] [George Posner] - Year: [1983] - Publication: Knowledge Structure and Use: Implications for Synthesis and Interpretation - URL: [Strike & Posner (1983). Types of synthesis and their criteria. undefined](undefined) - Content - Abstract - undefined - PDF - https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/firescript-577a2.appspot.com/o/imgs%2Fapp%2Fmegacoglab%2FTOB_x7SD9u.pdf?alt=media&token=a12f0a86-9e16-406f-b6e5-eb294ddd1770 - context-snippets - ![](https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/roampdf.appspot.com/o/public%2Fimages%2F1612374725490.png?alt=media&token=ca0d7c4c-f9ca-4d3c-a73b-139a74a3e05a) - (https://roampdf.web.app/?url=https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/firescript-577a2.appspot.com/o/imgs%252Fapp%252Fmegacoglab%252FTOB_x7SD9u.pdf?alt=media&token=a12f0a86-9e16-406f-b6e5-eb294ddd1770) - lit-context - Authors are Known for:: influential Theory of [conceptual change] - ![](https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/firescript-577a2.appspot.com/o/imgs%2Fapp%2Fmegacoglab%2FnWtNBcd4SY?alt=media&token=ba704bc5-ba7c-42f0-9fea-1cb55d60cc30) - 📝 lit-notes - [[C- There are two core concepts for synthesis- 1) creating a new whole from parts, and 2) displaying at least some level of conceptual innovation]] (higher = clearer case of synthesis) - ![](https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/roampdf.appspot.com/o/public%2Fimages%2F1612374725490.png?alt=media&token=ca0d7c4c-f9ca-4d3c-a73b-139a74a3e05a) - 15 types of synthesis - Inductive (empiricist) - 1: Generalizing over instances (p. 349) - 2: Simple theory construction (p. 349) - 3: Creating a superordinate theory (p. 349-350) - 4: Creating a worldview (p. 350) - Dialectics - 5: Dialectical resolution (p. 350) - Thesis --> Antithesis --> Synthesis (e.g., Marx, Dewey) - Kuhnian synthesis - 6: Normal science (p. 351) - Extending a paradigm to new cases (like Piaget's assimilation) - 7: Revolutionary science (p. 351) - Changing dominant assumptions in a field (like Piaget's accommodation) - 8: Overcoming incommensurable points of view (p. 352) - 9: Emergence of a paradigm - Interdisciplinary - 10: Semantic synthesis (p. 352) - Creating a common language between disciplines that talk about the same concepts in different ways - 11: Generating interdisciplines (p. 352-353) - Develop new conceptions and approaches to a problem, modified from two or more disciplines that converge on the same problem (e.g., computational linguistics) Convergence - 12: Generating multidisciplinary perspectives (p. 353) - Generating a point of view that can be used to consider/weigh data from diverse sources - Quasi-syntheses - 13: Assessment (p.353-354) - Weighing the bulk of the evidence (aka meta-analysis / [systematic review]) - Judgment - 14: Application and program development (p. 354) - 15: Assemblages (p. 354) - [[C- Some types of synthesis are simpler to produce than others]](p. 355-356) - Easier: 1: Generalizing over instances (p. 349), Quasi-syntheses - ![](https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/firescript-577a2.appspot.com/o/imgs%2Fapp%2Fmegacoglab%2FON6DPVtEP7?alt=media&token=40c651d5-99c6-4d83-9b19-3b144e8f7bcf) - Harder: 3: Creating a superordinate theory (p. 349-350), 4: Creating a worldview (p. 350), 5: Dialectical resolution (p. 350), 7: Revolutionary science (p. 351), 8: Overcoming incommensurable points of view (p. 352), Interdisciplinary - ![](https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/firescript-577a2.appspot.com/o/imgs%2Fapp%2Fmegacoglab%2FagqYSANtmB?alt=media&token=b7c66a7a-ee69-4927-bec0-894a77d1f350) - #Claim Simpler syntheses are not necessarily - Three intellectual standards for (good) synthesis (p356 onwards) - Fleshes out [[C- There are two core concepts for synthesis: 1) creating a new whole from parts, and 2) displaying at least some level of conceptual innovation]] (higher = clearer case of synthesis) - > A quality [synthesis] will clarify and resolve, rather than obscure inconsistencies or tensions between material synthesized ![](https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/firescript-577a2.appspot.com/o/imgs%2Fapp%2Fmegacoglab%2FwVfN0OkrPc?alt=media&token=4c987e60-8f2a-422b-89f7-74d652f4aefd) (p357) - > A quality [synthesis] will result in a progressive problem shift - ![](https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/firescript-577a2.appspot.com/o/imgs%2Fapp%2Fmegacoglab%2FmkZPSRtGTx?alt=media&token=8c9c4e90-6a91-4922-b18e-059a08d6a0d6) " (p357) - > A successful [synthesis] will satisfy the formal criteria for good theories - ![](https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/firescript-577a2.appspot.com/o/imgs%2Fapp%2Fmegacoglab%2FU-AqM6BweT?alt=media&token=617cad8f-8247-46e7-8037-24547e6a585c) (p357) - [[C- A useful synthesis helps to judge how healthy a research program is, and suggests future directions for it, often by interrogating/assessing crucial assumptions]] (p. 358) - ![](https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/firescript-577a2.appspot.com/o/imgs%2Fapp%2Fmegacoglab%2FyMROHnwTRn?alt=media&token=b9c4f60c-cc7c-40f0-8e4f-e3c7c2f5b528) - [CASCI] reading notes - Implicit ordering of "levels" of synthesis on p1 - ![](https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/firescript-577a2.appspot.com/o/imgs%2Fapp%2Fmegacoglab%2FwoCuGbE3Uk?alt=media&token=fed22608-c668-4746-b74e-e56446bc5d78) - Possible tension on p355 between idea of going beyond the sum of parts: - ![](https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/firescript-577a2.appspot.com/o/imgs%2Fapp%2Fmegacoglab%2FO-o1z8_sVS?alt=media&token=39a00cda-e8a9-45c1-93ba-ee683a1887b4) - Good quote on how hard synthesis is (p355) - ![](https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/firescript-577a2.appspot.com/o/imgs%2Fapp%2Fmegacoglab%2FRk0egY9lYe?alt=media&token=633509f9-9d46-4b3e-b5fa-6192105e57d0) - Interdisciplinarity discussion might be a bit thin (352-353) - Question about assemblage (354) - What about 2nd order effects of the synthesis process? - Maybe the output itself isn't a "synthesis", but the people participating in the project of synthesis are changed and go on to create new things that they wouldn't have - #References - Title: Types of synthesis and their criteria - Meta - Year: [1983] - Authored by:: [Kenneth Strike] and [George Posner] - Publication: Knowledge Structure and Use: Implications for Synthesis and Interpretation - Strike, K., & Posner, G. (1983). __Types of synthesis and their criteria__. - Status: #In-Zotero-Bib - PDF: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wYqUZjKg-E6hN8C33Tr2_FHy_lVZQ6J9/view?usp=sharing - Content